This section attempts to present links to various online papers organised by topic
Ethnographies of/in Manufacturing Industry
* 'Working Notes: How computers are used for collaboration at work' - available from Barry Browns homepage
"This research presents an ethnographic study of how technology is used to support collaboration at work. While "groupware" applications (computer programs designed to assist co-operation) are now widespread, there have been relatively few studies about how they are actually used. Addressing this, a study of the Lotus Notes™ groupware system is presented."
Ethnographies of/in Service Industries
*. 'A grammatical model of organizational routines in a technical service organization.' by Brian T. Pentland University of California, Los Angeles and Henry H. Rueter University of Michiga
"This paper explores the sequential structure of work processes in a task unit whose work involves high numbers of exceptions, low analyzability of search, frequent interruptions and extensive deliberation, and cannot be characterized as routine under any traditional definition. Yet a detailed analysis of the sequential pattern of action in a sample of 168 service interactions reveals that most calls follow a repetitive, functionally similar pattern. This apparent contradiction presents a challenge to our theoretical understanding of routines: how can apparently non-routine work display such a high degree of regularity?"
Ethnographies of/in Libraries, Museums and Information Work
*. 'What are they Doing? Dilemmas in Analyzing Bibliographic Searching: Cultural and Technical Networks in Academic Life' by Matthew David and David Zeitlyn (1996) in Sociological Research Online, vol. 1, no. 4
"This paper presents provisional results from research into the uses and usefulness of electronic bibliographic databases in academic contexts. The research has been carried out as part of a British Library funded research project using ethnographic, focus group and conversation analytic techniques. Here we address the question: What can different varieties of ethnography and discourse analysis contribute to our understanding of organizational and institutional settings?."
* The contribution of ethnomethodologically-informed ethnography to the process of designing digital libraries - (CSEG/5/98) by Andy Crabtree, David M. Nichols, Jon O'Brien, Mark Rouncefield & Michael B Twidale
"We describe ethnomethodologically informed ethnography as a methodology for information science research, illustrating it with the results of a study in a university library. We consider the issues that arise in coordinating the results of this research with the needs of information systems designers. As well as showing how ethnography can be used to inform systems design, this also carries implications for addressing the problems of coordinating ethnographic results with the work of other information science research methodologies. We describe our approach to addressing some of the problems of interdisciplinary working between system designers and ethnographic researchers"
* Using Studies of Collaborative Activity in Physical Environments to Inform the Design of Digital Libraries- (CSEG/11/98) - Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichol
"This paper is concerned ... with what we can learn from studying collaborative information seeking in the physical world. We discuss two studies of collaboration in physical environments and consider how key features of these physical interactions may apply to the design of digital information environments".
* Talking in the Library: Implications for the Design of Digital Libraries - (CSEG/1/97) by Andy Crabtree, Michael B Twidale, Jon O'Brien & David M Nichol
"This paper describes the use of ethnomethodologically-informed ethnography as a means of informing the requirements elicitation, design, development and evaluation of digital libraries. We present the case for the contribution of such studies to the development of digital library technology to support the practices of information-searching. We illustrate this by a particular study of the help desk at a university library, examining the implications it has for designing appropriate functionality for a digital library. This requires us to address the problems of using ethnographic data in systems design".
Ethnographies of/in Control Rooms
* Opening Up ATC Work: Behavioural,Cognitive & Sociological Perpectives - With Shapiro, D.: Proceedings 21st Western European Association for Aviation Psychology (WEAAP) Conference, Trinity College, Dublin. March 1994
"This paper is intended to set the scene for a discussion of how different disciplinary perspectives can contribute towards our understanding of complex human-computer interaction situations, specifically focused on air traffic control (ATC). ..... It is important to note that a variety of different sociological approaches could illuminate ATC work, and what we represent here is mainly just one form of contribution, namely that of ethnomethodologically-inspired ethnography".
Ethnography and Design
* Customization and Tailoring of Software Systems:Thinking about the context of tinkering and tailoring.- In Proceedings of 2nd Oksnøen Symposium, Customizing software systems, Oksnøen, Norway, May 23-28, 1992, pp.4-8.
* Politics Of Design: Representing Work - Communications of the ACM, vol. 38, no.9 , Sept. 1995.
Ethnography and Evaluation
Ethnography and Virtual Environment
Informing the Design of Collaborative Virtual Environments - (CSEG/10/97) - by Steve Benford, Dave Snowdon*, Andy Colebourne, Jon O'Brien & Tom Rodden